GEOSCIENCE DIVISION
Map Cook Islands Federated Sates of Micronesia Fiji Kiribati Nauru Niue Papua New Guinea Republic of Marshall Islands Republic of Palau Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu
Country
Population
Land Area
Climate
Water resource
Water consumption
Country Cook Islands Cook Islands
Population 21,750 (July 2007 est.)
Land Area 236.7 km2
Climate
Water resource
Water consumption
Country Federated Sates of Micronesia Federated Sates of Micronesia
Population 107,862 (July 2007 est.)
Land Area 702 km2
Climate
Water resource Avg Rainfall: 4,928 mm per annum
Water consumption
Country Fiji Fiji
Population 918 675 (July 2007 est.)
Land Area 18,270 km2
Climate
Water resource Avg Rainfall: 2000 - 3000 mm per annum
Water consumption
Country Kiribati Kiribati
Population 107,817 (July 2007 est.)
Land Area 811 km2
Climate
Water resource Avg Rainfall: South of the equator: 1,300 mm Tarawa: 2,000 mm Northernmost islands: over 3,200mm Eastern Line Islands: less than 1,000 mm
Water consumption
Country Nauru Nauru
Population 11,528 (July 2007 est.)
Land Area 21 km2
Climate
Water resource Avg Rainfall: 2,090 mm per annum
Water consumption
Country Niue Niue
Population 1,625m(GoN statistics 2006)
Land Area 260 km2
Climate
Water resource Avg Rainfall: 2,180 mm per annum
Water consumption
Country Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea
Population 5,795,887 (July 2007 est.)
Land Area 462,840 km2
Climate
Water resource Avg Rainfall:1000-80000 mm per annum
Water consumption
Country Republic of Marshall Islands Republic of Marshall Islands
Population 20,842
Land Area 458 km2
Climate
Water resource Avg Rainfall: 3,700 mm per annum
Water consumption
Country Republic of Palau Republic of Palau
Population 61,815(July 2007 est.)
Land Area 11,854.3 km2
Climate
Water resource Avg Rainfall: Southern attols: 4,000mm Northern attols:2,000 mm per annum
Water consumption
Country Samoa Samoa
Population 214,265
Land Area 2,944 km2
Climate
Water resource Avg Rainfall: 3,000 mm per annum
Water consumption
Country Solomon Islands Solomon Islands
Population 566,842
Land Area 28,450 km2
Climate
Water resource Avg Rainfall:1500-5000 mm per annum
Water consumption
Country Tonga Tonga
Population 116,921
Land Area 748 km2
Climate
Water resource Avg Rainfall: Varies from north and south of tonga with an estimated average of 2500 mm per annum
Water consumption
Country Tuvalu Tuvalu
Population 11.992 (July 2007 est.)
Land Area 26 km2
Climate
Water resource Avg Rainfall: 3000mm per annum
Water consumption
Country Vanuatu Vanuatu
Population 211,971 (July 2007 est.)
Land Area 12,200 km2
Climate
Water resource Avg Rainfall: 2000 - 4000 mm per annum
Water consumption
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Four methods of real loss management
The four basic management activities required for effective control of real losses
(International Water Association water loss task force)


A key component of a water balance and a System Loss Management Plan (SLMP) is the Infrastructure Leakage Index (ILI). The ILI provides guidance as to how well real losses are being managed (in terms of repairs, active leakage control and infrastructure management) at the current operating pressure. The following explains the four basic management activities required for effective control of real losses.
Real Losses consist of leakage and overflows from transmission and distribution systems up to the point of customer metering or consumption. The adjacent diagram summarizes the 'best practice' principles of managing real losses (Squeezing the Box theory).

Suppose the large yellow box in the figure represents the Current Annual volume of Real Losses (CARL) for a system, calculated from a standard IWA annual water balance. Real Losses tend to increase as systems grow older, but can be kept in check by an appropriate combination of all four of the leakage management activities shown as block arrows:

* Speed and quality of repairs: to minimise the run-time of all leaks and breaks
* Pressure management: to reduce the numbers of new breaks and all leak flow rates
* Active leakage control: to find and fix unreported leaks and breaks
* Pipeline and assets management: selection, installation, maintenance, renewal, replacement

It is not possible to completely eliminate Real Losses. The green box represents the lowest technically achievable Real Losses, or 'Unavoidable Annual Real Losses' (UARL), for well managed systems with reasonably good infrastructure. The UARL can be calculated on a system-specific basis, as a volume per day or year, based on mains length, number of service connections, customer meter location (relative to property line) and average pressure.

The difference in volume between the Current Annual Real Losses (CARL: yellow box) and the Unavoidable Annual Real Losses (UARL: green box) represents the Potentially Recoverable Real Losses. The ratio of CARL/UARL is known as the Infrastructure Leakage Index (ILI). The Economic Level of Real Losses usually lies somewhere between the CARL and the UARL.